Inspired by shape‐morphing organisms in nature, researchers have developed various
hydrogels with stimuli‐responsive swelling, shrinking, bending, folding, origami, rolling …

Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are renowned for their large, reversible, and anisotropic
shape change in response to various external stimuli due to their lightly cross‐linked …

Systems with programmable and complex shape morphing are highly desired in many fields
wherein sensing, actuation, and manipulation must be performed. Living organisms use …

The ability to significantly change the mechanical and wave propagation properties of a
structure without rebuilding it is currently one of the main challenges in the field of …

Recent years have seen major advances in the developments of both additive
manufacturing concepts and responsive materials. When combined as 4D printing, the …

Stimuli-responsive functional micro-/nanorobots (srFM/Ns) are a class of intelligent, efficient,
and promising microrobots that can react to external stimuli (such as temperature, light …

The capability of stiffness manipulation for materials and structures is essential for tuning
motion, saving energy, and delivering high power. However, high-efficiency in situ stiffness …

Microscale organisms and specialized motile cells use protein-based spring-like responsive
structures to sense, grasp and move. Rendering this biomechanical transduction …

Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds
of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at …

Soft materials, which use both internal energy change and external energy supply to
produce shape morphing and motion, are essential for the development of robotics. Four …