Microneedles (MNs) are microscopic needles that are applied to the skin in a minimally
invasive way to facilitate transdermal drug delivery and/or uptake of interstitial fluid from the …

Similar to blood, interstitial fluid (ISF) contains exogenous drugs and biomarkers and may
therefore substitute blood in drug analysis. However, current ISF extraction techniques …

Microneedles provide unique advantages in biomedical areas, particularly biosensing,
because of their opportunities for minimally invasive and convenient detection. This review …

The central nervous system relies heavily on neurotransmitters (NTMs), and NTM
imbalances have been linked to a wide range of neurological conditions. Thus, the …

The regulation of nervous and cardiovascular systems and some brain-related behaviors,
such as stress, panic, anxiety, and depression, are strictly dependent on the levels of the …

Wearable microneedle-based electrochemical sensor technologies are promptly growing
due to their unique capabilities, such as minimally invasive, painless, real-time, continuous …

Microneedle (MN) electrochemical sensors offer new strategies for personalized medicine
and point-to-point medical testing, providing new opportunities for disease diagnosis and …

Skin interstitial fluid (ISF) has emerged as a fungible biofluid sample for blood serum and
plasma for disease diagnosis and therapy. The sampling of skin ISF is highly desirable …

Highly sensitive and specific detection and monitoring of trace norepinephrine (NE) in
biological fluids and neuronal cell lines is essential for the investigation of pathogenesis of …

Despite substantial developments in minimally invasive lactate monitoring microneedle
electrodes, most such electrode developments have focused on either sensitivity or …