Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a global crisis
and is more devastating than any other previous infectious disease. It has affected a …

One of the most important causes of neurological morbidity and mortality in the world is
ischemic stroke. It can be a result of multiple events such as embolism with a cardiac origin …

Naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which specifically express the
transcription factor FoxP3 in the nucleus and CD25 and CTLA-4 on the cell surface, are a …

Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated
with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 have a critical role in the
maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Anagen stage hair follicles (HFs) exhibit “immune privilege (IP)” from the level of the bulge
downwards to the bulb. Both passive and active IP mechanisms protect HFs from …

More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of
tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important …

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a strong genetic component that can be
triggered by environmental factors. Disease pathogenesis is mainly driven by type 1 and …

The response of immune cells in cardiac injury is divided into three continuous phases:
inflammation, proliferation and maturation. The kinetics of the inflammatory and proliferation …