Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is
now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements …

In the present era of “Internet-of-Things”, the demand for flexible, light-weight, low-cost, low-
power consumption, multifunctional, and environmentally friendly electronics has moved to …

In 1935, Pauling estimated the residual entropy of water ice with remarkable accuracy by
considering the degeneracy of the ice rule solely at the vertex level. Indeed, his estimate …

Geometric frustration and the ice rule are two concepts that are intimately connected and
widespread across condensed matter. The first refers to the inability of a system to satisfy …

Flexible electronics have a great potential to impact consumer electronics and with that our
daily life. Currently, no direct growth of epitaxial functional oxides on commercially available …

Artificial spin ice has been the subject of extensive investigation in the last few years due to
advances in nanotechnology and characterization techniques. So far, most of the studies …

The thermally driven formation and evolution of vertex domains is studied for square artificial
spin ice. A self-consistent mean-field theory is used to show how domains of ground state …

We report a magneto-optical Kerr effect study of the collective magnetic response of artificial
square spin ice, a lithographically defined array of single-domain ferromagnetic islands. We …

Artificial particle ices are model systems of constrained, interacting particles. They have
been introduced theoretically to study ice-manifolds emergent from frustration, along with …