Vaccine efficacy is optimized by addition of immune adjuvants. However, although adjuvants
have been used for over a century, to date, only few adjuvants are approved for human use …

The combination of carbohydrate and lipid generates unusual molecules in which the two
distinctive halves of the glycoconjugate influence the function of each other. Membrane …

The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines
are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast …

Nasal vaccination is a promising alternative to classical parental vaccination, as it is non-
invasive and, in principle, capable of eliciting strong systemic and local immune responses …

Our previous studies have shown that Mg: Al 1: 1 layered double hydroxides (LDH (R1))
nanoparticles could be taken up by the MDDCs effectively and had an adjuvant activity for …

The heat-labile enterotoxins expressed by Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin) and Escherichia
coli (LT-I, LT-IIa and LT-IIb) are potent systemic and mucosal adjuvants. Coadministration of …

Summary Expression of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Protein II (P. II) is subject to phase variation
and antigenic variation. The P. II proteins made by one strain possess both unique and …

Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae produce structurally related AB5-type heat-labile
enterotoxins, which are classified into two major types. The Type I subfamily includes …

The heat-labile enterotoxins, such as cholera toxin (CT), and the labile toxins types I and II
(LT-I and LT-II) of Escherichia coli have been extensively studied for their …

The infection of bacterial organisms generally causes cell death to facilitate microbial
invasion and immune escape, both of which are involved in the pathogenesis of infectious …