The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human
genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs …

Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) may be the busiest kinase in most cells, with
over 100 known substrates to deal with. How does GSK3 maintain control to selectively …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

The two β-arrestins, β-arrestin-1 and-2 (systematic names: arrestin-2 and-3, respectively),
are multifunctional intracellular proteins that regulate the activity of a very large number of …

GPCRs (G-protein [guanine nucleotide-binding protein]–coupled receptors) play a central
physiological role in the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease and thus …

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type of the connective tissues found throughout the
body and the principal source of the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) characteristic of …

The variety of physiological functions controlled by dopamine in the brain and periphery is
mediated by the D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4 and D 5 dopamine GPCRs. Drugs acting on dopamine …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …