The vertebrate control of locomotion involves all levels of the nervous system from cortex to
the spinal cord. Here, we aim to cover all main aspects of this complex behavior, from the …

Intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn)-rich protein aggregates called Lewy pathology (LP) and
neuronal death are commonly found in the brains of patients with clinical Parkinson disease …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in the etiology of idiopathic and genetic
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, strategies aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial …

Locomotion is a fundamental motor function common to the animal kingdom. It is
implemented episodically and adapted to behavioural needs, including exploration, which …

Arrest of ongoing movements is an integral part of executing motor programs. Behavioral
arrest may happen upon termination of a variety of goal-directed movements or as a global …

Cognitive neuroscience has highlighted the cerebral cortex while often overlooking
subcortical structures. This cortical proclivity is found in basic and translational research on …

Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in
neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive …

The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles
underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood …

Degeneration of central cholinergic neurons impairs memory, and enhancement of
cholinergic synapses improves cognitive processes. Cholinergic signaling is also anti …

The review demonstrates that control of posture and locomotion is provided by systems
across the caudal-to-rostral extent of the neuraxis. A common feature of the neuroanatomic …