Epistasis, or interactions between genes, has long been recognized as fundamentally
important to understanding the structure and function of genetic pathways and the …

A network of interactions is called modular if it is subdivided into relatively autonomous,
internally highly connected components. Modularity has emerged as a rallying point for …

'Disease-causing'mutations do not cause disease in all individuals. One possible important
reason for this is that the outcome of a mutation can depend upon other genetic variants in a …

We compare and contrast the genetic architecture of quantitative phenotypes in two
genetically well-characterized model organisms, the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and …

Genetic architecture, the structure of the mapping from genotype to phenotype, determines
the variational properties of the phenotype and is instrumental in understanding its …

Modularity has emerged as a central concept for evolutionary biology, thereby providing the
field with a theory of organismal structure and variation. This theory has reframed long …

Epigenetics refers to chemical modifications of chromatin or transcribed DNA that can
influence gene activity and expression without changes in DNA sequence. The last 20 years …

Epigenetic effects are increasingly recognized as an important source of variation in
complex traits and have emerged as the focus of a rapidly expanding area of research …

Pleiotropy is an aspect of genetic architecture underlying the phenotypic covariance
structure. The presence of genetic variation in pleiotropy is necessary for natural selection to …

Adaptive divergence between marine and freshwater (FW) environments is important in
generating phyletic diversity within fishes, but the genetic basis of this process remains …