After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID‐19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

The etiology of migraine pain involves sensitized meningeal afferents that densely innervate
the dural vasculature. These afferents, with their cell bodies located in the trigeminal …

Migraine is a collection of perplexing neurological conditions in which the brain and its
associated tissues have been implicated as major players during an attack. Once …

The term spreading depolarization (SD) refers to waves of abrupt, sustained mass
depolarization in gray matter of the CNS. SD, which spreads from neuron to neuron in …

Over the past 300 years, the migraine field has been dominated by two main theories—the
vascular theory and the central neuronal theory. The success of vasoconstrictors such as …

Along with microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages, macrophages in the perivascular
space, choroid plexus, and meninges are the principal effector cells in neuroinflammatory …

The evolution of adaptive immunity provides enhanced defence against specific pathogens,
as well as homeostatic immune surveillance of all tissues. Despite being'immune privileged' …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). The early stage is characterized by relapses and the later stage, by …

The management of patients with migraine is often unsatisfactory because available acute
and preventive therapies are either ineffective or poorly tolerated. The acute treatment of …