The effects of sex hormones on immune function have received much attention, especially
following the proposal of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis. Many studies, both …

▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis was formulated 12 years ago in an attempt to
offer a proximate mechanism by which female choice of males could be explained by …

Experience in aggressive contests often affects behaviour during, and the outcome of, later
contests. This review discusses evidence for, variations in, and consequences of such …

The negative co‐variation of life‐history traits such as fecundity and lifespan across species
suggests the existence of ubiquitous trade‐offs. Mechanistically, trade‐offs result from the …

The evolutionary–ecology approach to studying immune defences has generated a number
of hypotheses that help to explain the observed variance in responses. Here, selected topics …

Animals living in temporally dynamic environments experience variation in resource
availability, climate and threat of infection over the course of the year. Thus, to survive and …

Fleas are one of the most interesting and fascinating taxa of ectoparasites. All species in this
relatively small order are obligatory haematophagous (blood-feeding) parasites of higher …

Recent advances in human life history theory have provided new insights into the potential
selection pressures that were instrumental in the evolution of human and non‐human …

Steroid hormones have similar functions across vertebrates, but circulating concentrations
can vary dramatically among species. We examined the hypothesis that variation in titres of …