Unmethylated cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), which
were therapeutic DNA with high immunostimulatory activity, have been applied in …

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of Q fever, for which there is yet to be an FDA-
approved vaccine. This bacterial pathogen has both extra-and intracellular stages in its life …

Cancer vaccines based on single-source (exogenous or endogenous) tumor-associated
antigens (TAAs) are often challenged by the insufficient T cell response and the …

The application of nanoscale scaffolds has become a promising strategy in vaccine design,
with protein-based nanoparticles offering desirable avenues for the biocompatible and …

Virus-like nanoparticle vaccines can efficiently activate the humoral immune response by
cross-linking B cell receptors with their surface multivalent antigen arrays. This structurally …

Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in the onset and progression of immunosenescence-
associated diseases, serving as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, there is …

Background Cancer vaccine immunotherapy facilitates the immune system's recognition of
tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and the biomolecular design of these vaccines using …

The strategic induction of cell death serves as a crucial immune defense mechanism for the
eradication of pathogen infections within host cells. Investigating the molecular mechanisms …