Research on 100% renewable energy systems is a relatively recent phenomenon. It was
initiated in the mid-1970s, catalyzed by skyrocketing oil prices. Since the mid-2000s, it has …

Copper is critical for industrial, economic, and social development, especially in the
transition to low-carbon energy sources. However, information on copper in these aspects …

This article aims to assess the impact of copper availability on the energy transition and to
determine whether copper could become critical due to the high copper content of low …

Humanity is using mineral resources at an unprecedented level and demand will continue to
grow over the next few decades before stabilizing by the end of the century, due to the …

This paper presents a conceptual model describing the medium and long term co-evolution
of natural and socio-economic subsystems of Earth. An economy is viewed as an out-of …

Small and large scale pandemics are a natural phenomenon repeatably appearing
throughout history, causing ecological and biological shifts in ecosystems and a wide range …

We present a stochastic dynamic simulation model for exploration and extraction of seafloor
massive sulfide (SMS) mineral deposits on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). The …

Scientists typically use physical indicators, such as average crustal abundance, and energy
requirements in production, as measures of the availability of mineral resources …

The sustainability of mineral resources and, in particular, their abundance is a topic of
growing interest. Nevertheless, the abundance of mineral raw materials is an extremely …

Designing policy for global warming requires an integrated analysis of the interplay between
the economy and the environment. The consensus is growing that, despite their dominance …