Resident cells of the central nervous system (CNS) play an important role in detecting insults
and initiating protective or sometimes detrimental host immunity. At peripheral sites, immune …

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a type III intermediate filament, is a marker of mature
astrocytes. The expression of GFAP gene is regulated by many transcription factors (TFs) …

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by cognitive and
behavioral deficits in people living with HIV. HAND is still common in patients that take …

Inflammation and immune mechanisms are believed to play important roles in Alzheimer's
disease pathogenesis. Research supports the link between poor oral health and Alzheimer's …

Hyperexcitable neuronal networks are mechanistically linked to the pathologic and clinical
features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astrocytes are a primary defense against …

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a variety of inflammatory responses
such as wound healing, liver regeneration, and bone remodeling. As a member of the …

Mounting evidence supports a fundamental role for Ca2+ dysregulation in astrocyte
activation. Though the activated astrocyte phenotype is complex, cell-type targeting …

Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947. From its isolation until 2007, symptoms of ZIKV-
caused disease were limited (eg, fever, hives, and headache); however, during the epidemic …

For a long time, the central nervous system (CNS) was believed to be an immune privileged
organ. In the last decades, it became apparent that the immune system interacts with the …

Clinical evidence has revealed that children born from mothers exposed to viral and
bacterial pathogens during pregnancy are more likely to suffer various neurological …