Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Cancer immunotherapy, mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the
adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells, has revolutionized the oncology landscape as …

PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

Abnormal vasculature is one of the most conspicuous traits of tumor tissue, largely
contributing to tumor immune evasion. The deregulation mainly arises from the potentiated …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Abstract Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a proteolytic system contributing to the
degradation of intracellular proteins in lysosomes, is upregulated in tumors for pro …

Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3,
regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the …

Complex interactions between the immune system and tumor cells exist throughout the
initiation and development of cancer. Although the immune system eliminates malignantly …

Peptides exhibit lower affinity and a shorter half-life in the body than antibodies. Conversely,
peptides demonstrate higher efficiency in tissue penetration and cell internalization than …