Atmospheric predictability from subseasonal to seasonal time scales and climate variability
are both influenced critically by gravity waves (GW). The quality of regional and global …

This work evaluates zonal winds in both hemispheres near the polar winter mesopause in
the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) with thermosphere …

The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is a dynamic layer of the earth's
atmosphere. This region marks the interface at which neutral atmosphere dynamics begin to …

The mesospheric polar vortex (MPV) plays a critical role in coupling the atmosphere-
ionosphere system, so its accurate simulation is imperative for robust predictions of the …

The columnar approach of gravity wave (GW) parameterisations in weather and climate
models has been identified as a potential reason for dynamical biases in middle …

Gravity waves (GWs) are generated at all altitudes in the atmosphere, but sources above the
lower stratosphere are rarely considered by parameterizations employed in general …

There is growing use of machine learning algorithms to replicate subgrid parameterization
schemes in global climate models. Parameterizations rely on approximations; thus, there is …

Gravity waves (GWs) and their associated multi‐scale dynamics are known to play
fundamental roles in energy and momentum transport and deposition processes throughout …

The representation of subgrid‐scale orography is a challenge in the physical
parameterization of orographic gravity‐wave sources in weather forecasting. A significant …

The performance of general circulation models (GCMs) in simulating horizontal winds is
important because the distribution and variation in horizontal winds are central to …