After discussing the rationale and assumptions of the ANSI Z136. 1-2000 Standard for
protection of the human eye from laser exposure, we present the concise formulation of the …

Visual perception occurs when radiation with a wavelength between 400 and 760 nm
reaches the retina. The retina has evolved to capture photons efficiently and initiate visual …

This paper reviews the biosynthesis and physicochemical properties of the ocular melanin.
Age-related changes of melanin granules and the corresponding formation of lipofuscin …

The retina represents a paradox, in that, while light and oxygen are essential for vision,
these conditions also favour the formation of reactive oxygen species leading to …

Age-related macular degeneration is the most frequent cause of blindness in the elderly. A
vascular basis of the disease has been suggested, but not confirmed. The association …

The yellow coloration of the macula lutea is attributable to the presence of macular pigment
in the axons of its photoreceptors. 1 In the 1980s several investigators demonstrated that …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves a progressive impairment of the outer
layers in the center of the retina. Experimental studies have demonstrated that bright light …

Aim: To analyse how intraocular lens (IOL) chromophores affect retinal photoprotection and
the sensitivity of scotopic vision, melanopsin photoreception, and melatonin suppression …

The therapeutic effects of macular photocoagulation result from focal heating of the retina
and choroid. The magnitude, spatial extent, and duration of temperature increases produced …

• As some ultraviolet (UV) radiation is transmitted by the ocular media, there is a growing
concern that there may be a possible relationship between long-term exposure to ultraviolet …