Irrigation accounts for~ 70% of global freshwater withdrawals and~ 90% of consumptive
water use, driving myriad Earth system impacts. In this Review, we summarize how irrigation …

Population growth, economic development, and dietary changes have drastically increased
the demand for food and water. The resulting expansion of irrigated agriculture into semi …

Water scarcity threatens people in various regions, and has predominantly been studied
from a water quantity perspective only. Here we show that global water scarcity is driven by …

Climate change poses a significant threat to global biodiversity, but freshwater fishes have
been largely ignored in climate change assessments. Here, we assess threats of future flow …

Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and
anthropogenic water demands,. They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change,, yet …

A traditional metric used in hydrology to summarize model performance is the Nash–Sutcliffe
efficiency (NSE). Increasingly an alternative metric, the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), is …

Groundwater-sustained baseflow is a vital source of river flow, especially during dry
seasons. The proportion of river flow sustained by baseflow—the baseflow index—is …

Groundwater is the world's largest freshwater resource and is critically important for
irrigation, and hence for global food security,–. Already, unsustainable groundwater …

The biota of European rivers are affected by a wide range of stressors impairing water
quality and hydro‐morphology. Only about 40% of Europe's rivers reach 'good ecological …

WaterGAP is a global hydrological model that quantifies human use of groundwater and
surface water as well as water flows and water storage and thus water resources on all land …