Macrophages are influential members of the innate immune system that can be reversibly
polarized by different microenvironment signals. Cell polarization leads to a wide range of …

Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by multiple cell types and are
extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Recent research indicated that exosomes …

Exosomes are membranous structures secreted by nearly all cell types. As critical
messengers for intercellular communication, exosomes deliver bioactive cargoes to …

Tumor-derived exosomes play a pivotal role in regulating tumor progression by mediating
crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells such as macrophages within the tumor …

Tumor drug resistance emerges from the interaction of two critical factors: tumor cellular
heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Cellular cross-talk within the tumor microenvironment (TME) by exosomes is known to
promote tumor progression. Tumor promoting macrophages with an M2 phenotype are …

Cancer is the most challenging global health crisis. In the recent times, studies on
extracellular vesicles (EVs) are adding a new chapter to cancer research and reports on EVs …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, is
characterized by poor treatment response and low survival time. The current clinical …

Macrophages play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis that is a common
gastrointestinal disease. Particularly, macrophages differentiate into different phenotypes …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of nanoscale membrane-bound organelles
including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), membrane particles, and apoptotic bodies, which …