The excitable behaviour of neurons is determined by the activity of their endogenous
membrane ion channels. Since muscarinic receptors are not themselves ion channels, the …

Ciliary opsins were classically thought to function only in vertebrates for vision, but they have
also been identified recently in invertebrates for non-visual photoreception. Larvae of the …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in almost every (patho) physiological
process, which explains their importance as drug targets. GPCRs have long been regarded …

G-protein-gated inward rectifier K+(GIRK) channels play a critical role in the regulation of the
excitability of cardiomyocytes and neurons and include GIRK1, GIRK2, GIRK3 and GIRK4 …

Background and Purpose A second‐generation antihistamine, terfenadine, is known to
induce arrhythmia by blocking hERG channels. In this study, we have shown that …

The exercise pressor reflex, a crucial component of the cardiovascular response under
physiological and pathophysiological states, is activated via metabolic and mechanical …

Inhibitory regulation of the heart is determined by both cholinergic M2 receptors (M2R) and
adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) that activate the same signaling pathway, the ACh-gated …

Membrane potential controls the response of the M2 muscarinic receptor to its ligands.
Membrane hyperpolarization increases response to the full agonist acetylcholine (ACh) …

Methods: Isolated aorta was treated with increasing concentrations of phenylephrine and
acetylcholine. Isolated left atrium was treated with increasing concentrations of acetylcholine …