Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from
diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response …

RNA silencing is a well-established antiviral immunity system in plants, in which small RNAs
guide Argonaute proteins to targets in viral RNA or DNA, resulting in virus repression. Virus …

Plant beneficial microorganisms improve the health and growth of the associated plants.
Application of beneficial microbes triggers an enhanced resistance state, also termed as …

Endophytic bacteria are the plant beneficial bacteria that thrive inside plants and can
improve plant growth under normal and challenging conditions. They can benefit host plants …

Auxin, one of the first identified and most widely studied phytohormones, has been and will
remain a hot topic in plant biology. After more than a century of passionate exploration, the …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–24 nucleotide noncoding RNAs abundant in plants and
animals. The biogenesis of plant miRNAs involves transcription of miRNA genes, processing …

Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops.
Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion …

Recognition of pathogen-derived molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a
common feature of both animal and plant innate immune systems. In plants, PRR signalling …

All plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial,
archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. These microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles …

The environmental stress is a major area of scientific concern because it constraints plant as
well as crop productivity. This situation has been further worsened by anthropogenic …