Antisense oligonucleotides are synthetic single stranded strings of nucleic acids that bind to
RNA and thereby alter or reduce expression of the target RNA. They can not only reduce …

Orexins/hypocretins are hypothalamic peptides involved in arousal and wakefulness, but
also play a critical role in drug addiction and reward-related behaviors. Here, we review the …

Background The orexin (hypocretin) system is important for reward-driven motivation but has
not been implicated in the expression of a multiphenotype addicted state. Methods Rats …

Oxytocin increases the salience of both positive and negative social contexts and it is
thought that these diverse actions on behavior are mediated in part through circuit-specific …

Both pre‐clinical and clinical studies indicate that N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) may be useful in
treating relapse to addictive drug use. Cocaine self‐administration in rats reduces both …

Reducing the enduring vulnerability to relapse is a therapeutic goal in treating drug
addiction. Studies with animal models of drug addiction show a marked increase in …

Abstract Background Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the most important cytokine secreted by
activated microglia as it orchestrates the vicious cycle of inflammation by inducing the …

Orexins (also called hypocretins) have been shown to be importantly involved in reward and
addiction, but little is known about the circuitry that regulates orexin neuronal activity during …

Background Opioid addiction is a critical medical and societal problem characterized by
vulnerability to relapse. Glutamatergic synapses in the nucleus accumbens regulate the …

Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO) are short single-stranded DNA analogs
that are built upon a backbone of morpholine rings connected by phosphorodiamidate …