Background: Angiogenesis is likely critical for the process of intramembranous
osteogenesis; however, the developmental relationship between blood vessels and bone …

Bone-forming cells originate from distinct embryological layers, mesoderm (axial and
appendicular bones) and ectoderm (precursor of neural crest cells, which mainly form facial …

The skeletal dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias) are a heterogeneous group of more than
350 disorders frequently associated with orthopedic complications and varying degrees of …

Distraction osteogenesis is a bone-regenerative process in which an osteotomy is followed
by distraction of the surrounding vascularized bone segments, with formation of new bone …

Bird beaks display tremendous variation in shape and size, which is closely associated with
the exploitation of multiple ecological niches and likely played a key role in the …

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of hybrid constructs is a promising biofabrication method
for cartilage tissue engineering because a synthetic polymer framework and cell …

Although endochondral ossification of the limb and axial skeleton is relatively well-
understood, the development of dermal (intramembranous) bone featured by many …

Divergent selection on traits involved in both local adaptation and the production of mating
signals can strongly facilitate population differentiation. Because of its links to foraging …

The head, comprising of the skull and the face, is the most anatomically sophisticated
portion and evolutionary novelty in vertebrates. The most striking feature for the …

The transcription factors RUNX2 and OSX have been shown to act sequentially to direct
mammalian osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 is required during the early stages of …