This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 …

Endogenous opioid peptides and prescription opioid drugs modulate pain, anxiety and
stress by activating four opioid receptors, namely μ (mu, MOP), δ (delta, DOP), κ (kappa …

Notable findings point to the significance of the dynorphin peptide neurotransmitter in
chronic pain. Spinal dynorphin neuropeptide levels are elevated during development of …

It is well established that endogenously produced dynorphin 1-17 (DYN 1-17) is susceptible
to enzymatic degradation, producing a variety of unique fragments in different tissue …

Prescription opioid use for chronic non-cancer pain has reached epidemic levels in the USA.
With this increased use is the recognition of serious opioid-related gastrointestinal …

For decades the opioid receptors have been an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment
of pain. Since the first discovery of enkephalin, approximately a dozen endogenous opioid …

Chapter 1 2 mechanisms and peptide drug delivery, including cell permeability to prosecute
intracellular targets, is re-defining the term “druggability”. Beyond such convergent …

Dynorphin A is an endogenous opioid peptide derived from the precursor prodynorphin. The
proteolytic fragment dynorphin A (1–17) exhibits inhibitory effects via opioid receptors …

The current opioid crisis has created a tragic problem in medicine and society. Pain is the
most ubiquitous and costly disease in society and yet all of our “treatments” have toxicities …

Pharmacological research in mice and human genetic analyses suggest that the kallikrein-
kinin system (KKS) may regulate anxiety. We examined the role of the KKS in anxiety and …