Bacterial conjugation, also referred to as bacterial sex, is a major horizontal gene transfer
mechanism through which DNA is transferred from a donor to a recipient bacterium by direct …

Plasmids are key vectors of horizontal gene transfer and essential genetic engineering tools.
They code for genes involved in many aspects of microbial biology, including detoxication …

Conjugation drives the horizontal transfer of adaptive traits across prokaryotes. One-fourth of
the plasmids encode the functions necessary to conjugate autonomously, the others being …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are a versatile group of nanomachines that can
horizontally transfer DNA through conjugation and deliver effector proteins into a wide range …

Prokaryotes contain short DNA repeats known as CRISPR, recognizable by the regular
spacing existing between the recurring units. They represent the most widely distributed …

Mutation and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) continually give rise to new bacterial
genotypes. Infrequently, such new bacterial genotypes establish and spread in the larger …

Bacterial conjugation is one of the main mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer. It
constitutes a key element in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes to …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) translocate DNA and protein substrates across prokaryotic
cell envelopes generally by a mechanism requiring direct contact with a target cell. Three …

The bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) translocate DNA and protein substrates to
bacterial or eukaryotic target cells generally by a mechanism dependent on direct cell-to-cell …

Persistent bacterial infections involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi (S. typhi) and Helicobacter pylori pose significant public-health problems …