Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate
extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by …

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can be activated in
response to a wide range of extracellular signals. As a consequence, it can generate many …

Introduction 3. Overview of TGF-β signaling 3.1. TGF-β family 3.2. TGF-β synthesis and
activation of latent TGF-β 3.3. TGF-β receptors and signaling pathways 3.4. Regulation of …

Smad3 deficiency accelerates chondrocyte maturation and leads to osteoarthritis. Primary
chondrocytes without Smad3 lack compensatory increases of TGF‐β signaling factors, but …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) regulates a large variety of cellular activities.
Binding of TGF-β to its cell surface receptor triggers several signaling cascades, among …

During osteoarthritis (OA), hypertrophy-like chondrocytes contribute to the disease process.
TGF-β's signaling pathways can contribute to a hypertrophy (-like) phenotype in …

Radiation therapy is a first-line treatment for prostate cancer patients with localized tumors.
Although some patients respond well to the treatment,∼ 10% of low-risk and up to 60% of …

Our previous study demonstrated that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activates β-catenin
signaling through Smad3 interaction with β-catenin in chondrocytes. In the present studies …

The principle function of articular cartilage is to provide a low friction load-bearing surface
that facilitates free movement of joints. Maintenance of this surface depends on the …

We have previously shown that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β up-regulates matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 leading to the induction of oncogenic signaling in preneoplastic …