Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a substantial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
and some other vascular diseases. ED has been demonstrated in patients with …

Coronary microvascular disease (CMD), which affects the arterioles and capillary
endothelium that regulate myocardial perfusion, is an increasingly recognized source of …

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease largely due to lifestyle and nutritional imbalance,
resulting in insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and vascular complications. Diabetic kidney …

Background: Coronary function testing in patients with ischemia and nonobstructive
coronary arteries (INOCA) commonly includes assessment of adenosine-mediated …

Aims: Functional assessment of non-culprit lesions (NCL) in patients presenting with ST-
elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel disease constitutes an unmet need …

Background Intracoronary physiology is increasingly used in nonculprit stenoses of patients
with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). However, evidence regarding the safety of fractional …

The vascular endothelium is a multifunctional cellular system which directly influences blood
components and cells within the vessel wall in a given tissue. Importantly, this cellular …

Background Coronary vasomotor dysfunction can be diagnosed in a large proportion of
patients with angina in the presence of non-obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA) …

Aims Risk assessment for triple-vessel disease (TVD) remain challenging. Stress
hyperglycemia represents the regulation of glucose metabolism in response to stress, and …

Coronary vasoreactivity testing is a key diagnostic procedure in patients with suspected
coronary spasm and research procedures intended to assess the coronary endothelial …