Estrogens are the primary female sex hormones and play important roles in both
reproductive and non-reproductive systems. Estrogens can be synthesized in non …

Estrogen governs the regulations of various pathological and physiological actions
throughout the body in both males and females. Generally, 17β-estradiol an endogenous …

Estrogen is a fundamental regulator of the metabolic system of the female brain and body.
Within the brain, estrogen regulates glucose transport, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Over the past 30 years,
research has demonstrated that estrogens not only are important for female reproduction …

During pregnancy, physiological adaptations prepare the female body for the challenges of
motherhood. Becoming a parent also requires behavioral adaptations. Such adaptations …

The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin stimulates appetite in rodents and humans via
hypothalamic actions. We discovered expression of ghrelin in a previously uncharacterized …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) act by regulating transcriptional processes. The classical
mechanism of ER action involves estrogen binding to receptors in the nucleus, after which …

A comprehensive summary of more than 450 estrogenic chemicals including estrogenic
endocrine disruptors is provided here to understand the complex and profound impact of …

Proliferative thyroid diseases are more prevalent in females than in males. Upon the onset of
puberty, the incidence of thyroid cancer increases in females only and declines again after …

Some environmental contaminants interact with hormones and may exert adverse
consequences as a result of their actions as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) …