In this chapter, we present and discuss in detail current and novel advances in our
understanding of the processes that drove primordial differentiation of the Moon. This …

BACKGROUND It is unknown whether the Moon has a fully differentiated and melted
structure with a metallic core or retains a partially primordial, unmelted interior. The …

The Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission has demonstrated that lunar volcanism was still active until
two billion years ago, much younger than the previous isotopically dated lunar basalts. How …

The spatial distribution of mare basalts, titanium and KREEP (potassium, rare earth
elements and phosphorus) on the Moon is asymmetrical between the nearside and farside …

Just as the use of new tools revolutionized lunar science in 1610 (Galileo's telescope), 1840
(photography), and 1960s–1970s and 1990s (over 45 robotic and human missions to the …

The earliest dynamic and thermal history of the Moon is not well understood. The hydrogen
content of deposits near the lunar poles may yield insight into this history, because these …

The Moon does not possess an internally generated magnetic field at the present day, but
extensive evidence shows that such a field existed between at least 4.2 and 3.56 Ga ago …

The ilmenite-bearing cumulates (IBC) formed from the solidification of the lunar magma
ocean are thought to have significantly affected the long-term evolution of the lunar interior …

The energy sources involved in the early stages of the formation of terrestrial bodies can
induce partial or even complete melting of the mantle, leading to the emergence of magma …

Abstract Analysis of lunar laser ranging and seismic data has yielded evidence that has
been interpreted to indicate a molten zone in the lowermost mantle overlying a fluid core …