The APOBEC family of single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases comprises a formidable
arm of the vertebrate innate immune system. Pre-vertebrates express a single APOBEC …

The delineation of key molecular pathways has enhanced our knowledge of the biology of
tumor microenvironment, tumor dissemination, and carcinogenesis. The complexities of cell …

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates both class switch recombination (CSR)
and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in antibody diversification. Mechanisms of AID targeting …

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses causally associated with benign
warts and multiple cancers, including cervical and head-and-neck cancers. While the vast …

Apolipoprotein B editing complex 3 family members are cytidine deaminases that play
important roles in intrinsic responses to infection by retroviruses and have been implicated …

Abstract Background The Nuclear Factor kappaB (NF-kB) family consists of transcription
factors that play a complex and essential role in the regulation of immune responses and …

Mutations are the basis for evolution and the development of genetic diseases. Especially in
cancer, somatic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes alongside the …

Although all 12 subtypes of human interferon alpha (IFN-α) bind the same receptor, recent
results have demonstrated that they elicit unique host responses and display distinct …

Hysteron proteron reverses both temporal and logical order and this syllogism occurs in
carcinogenesis and the somatic mutation theory (SMT): the first (somatic mutation) occurs …

HIV-1 is transmitted primarily across mucosal surfaces and rapidly spreads within the
intestinal mucosa during acute infection. The type I interferons (IFNs) likely serve as a first …