Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide, is
caused by retinal neurovascular unit dysfunction, and its cellular pathology involves at least …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionally conserved catabolic process in which
cytosolic contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelle, or invading …

PANoptosis is a newly identified type of regulated cell death that consists of pyroptosis,
apoptosis, and necroptosis, which simultaneously occur during the pathophysiological …

Background Glaucoma, the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is
characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Current …

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging
therapeutic tools. Hypoxic pre-conditioning (HPC) of MSCs altered the production of …

Abstract Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the most common etiologies in many
diseases. Retinal I/R leads to cytokine storm, resulting in tissue damage and cell death …

Abstract The neurotoxicity of 2, 2', 4, 4'‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE‐47) is closely
linked to mitochondrial abnormalities while mitophagy is vital for mitochondrial homeostasis …

Cell replacement therapy using mesenchymal (MSC) and other stem cells has been
evaluated for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. This approach has significant limitations …

Exosomes are nano-extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which
are secreted by the cell. With their role in drug cargo loading, exosomes have been applied …

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is recognized to be one of the major skeleton diseases
strongly associated with impaired bone formation. Previous reports have indicated that the …