Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was originally described as a protein factor capable of killing
tumor cells in vitro and causing hemorrhagic necrosis of transplantable tumors in mice. 1, 2 …

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common occupational and environmental health issue.
In common with other forms of allergy the disease progresses in two stages; an initial phase …

Mast cells represent a potential source of TNF, a mediator which can enhance dendritic cell
(DC) migration. Although the importance of mast cell-associated TNF in regulating DC …

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play a key role in immune defense mechanisms and in
numerous immunological disorders. In this report, we show that percutaneous infection of …

Dendritic cells (DC) are APCs essential for the development of primary immune responses.
In pluristratified epithelia, Langerhans cells (LC) are a critical subset of DC which take up …

The role of CD4+ vs CD8+ T cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) remains controversial. In
this study, we used gene knockout (KO) mice deficient in CD4+ or CD8+ T cells to directly …

The production of IL‐12 by dendritic cells (DC) early in an immune response is considered
critical for the polarization of CD4+ T lymphocyte response towards a Th1 pattern, a key …

Previous studies have analyzed the lymphoid and myeloid foci within the gingival mucosa in
health and chronic periodontitis (CP); however, the principal APCs responsible for the …

Keratinocytes (KC) produce a vast repertoire of cytokines, including interleukins, growth
factors, colony stimulating factors, and chemokines. Under normal conditions, most of them …

Following skin sensitization a proportion of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are stimulated
to leave the skin and to migrate, via afferent lymphatics, to draining lymph nodes where they …