Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) were first identified in leukemia in 1994, they have been
considered promising therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. These cells have self-renewal …

The Hedgehog signalling pathway has crucial roles in embryonic tissue patterning,
postembryonic tissue regeneration, and cancer, yet aspects of Hedgehog signal …

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an essential role during vertebrate embryonic
development and tumorigenesis. It is already known that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway is …

Primary cilia are solitary, immotile sensory organelles present on most cells in the body that
participate broadly in human health, physiology and disease. Cilia generate a unique …

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, including TGF-βs, bone
morphogenic proteins (BMPs), activins, and Nodal, play crucial roles in embryonic …

The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell differentiation, cell
proliferation, and tissue polarity. Aberrant activation of the Shh pathway has been shown in …

The cloning of the founding member of the Hedgehog (HH) family of secreted proteins two
decades ago inaugurated a field that has diversified to encompass embryonic development …

The life cycle of a primary cilium begins in quiescence and ends prior to mitosis. In quiescent
cells, the primary cilium insulates itself from contiguous dynamic membrane processes on …

Signaling pathways that mediate cell-cell communication are essential for collective cell
behaviors in multicellular systems. The hedgehog (HH) pathway, first discovered and …

The hedgehog (HH) pathway is well known for its mitogenic and morphogenic functions
during development, and HH signaling continues in discrete populations of cells within …