Understanding the plant immune system is crucial for using genetics to protect crops from
diseases. Plants resist pathogens via a two-tiered innate immune detection-and-response …

Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in
natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) receptors with an N-terminal
Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain sense pathogen effectors to enable TIR-encoded …

Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) detect pathogen
effectors to trigger immune responses. Indirect recognition of a pathogen effector by the …

Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) regulate immunity and cell
death. In Arabidopsis, a subfamily of “helper” NLRs is required by many “sensor” NLRs …

Plants have both cell-surface and intracellular receptors to recognize diverse self-and non-
self molecules. Cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize extracellular …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Since the completion of
rice reference genome sequences, tremendous progress has been achieved in …

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) perceive pathogen effectors to
trigger plant immunity. The direct recognition mechanism of pathogen effectors by coiled-coil …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …