Natural cells have been explored as drug carriers for a long period. They have received
growing interest as a promising drug delivery system (DDS) until recently along with the …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for
the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released by different
cell types and participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. EVs mediate …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released spontaneously during growth by many Gram‐
negative bacteria. They present a range of surface antigens in a native conformation and …

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a
result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in …

Despite the recent advances in drug development, the majority of novel therapeutics have
not been successfully translated into clinical applications. One of the major factors hindering …

The timelines for developing vaccines against infectious diseases are lengthy, and often
vaccines that reach the stage of large phase 3 field trials fail to provide the desired level of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell membrane‐derived compartments that spontaneously
secrete from a wide range of cells and tissues. EVs have shown to be the carriers in …

Introduction: Cells release extracellular vesicles to their surroundings to communicate with
each other. Exosomes are a subgroup of 30–100-nm-sized extracellular vesicles, originating …

Phospholipid vesicles play important roles in biological systems. Bacteria are one of the
most abundant organisms on Earth, and bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) were first …