Over the last two decades, it has become evident that estrogens preserve the integrity of
energy homeostasis at central and peripheral levels. Estrogen deficiency, such as that …

Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the
hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose …

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has a major role in the modulation of energy balance.
AMPK is activated in conditions of low energy, increasing energy production and reducing …

Dieting is the most common approach to losing weight for the majority of obese and
overweight individuals. Restricting intake leads to weight loss in the short term, but, by itself …

Neuronal excitation is regulated by energy metabolism, and drug-resistant epilepsy can be
suppressed by special diets. Here, we report that seizures and epileptiform activity are …

Glucagon, a hormone secreted from the α-cells of the endocrine pancreas, is critical for
blood glucose homeostasis. It is the major counterpart to insulin and is released during …

Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy
homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the …

Angiogenesis is an important component in the development of thyroid goitre. Vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents a family of specific endothelial cell mitogens …

The brain occupies a special hierarchical position in the organism. It is separated from the
general circulation by the blood-brain barrier, has high energy consumption and a low …

Early researchers found that lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) resulted in
hyperphagia and obesity in a variety of species including humans, which led them to …