The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the
extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and …

Marine provinces, founded on contrasting floras or faunas, have been recognized for more
than 150 years but were not consistently defined by endemism until 1974. At that time …

Delineating species boundaries correctly is crucial to the discovery of life's diversity because
it determines whether or not different individual organisms are members of the same entity …

Species are defined using a variety of different operational techniques. While discussion of
the various methodologies has previously been restricted mostly to taxonomists, the …

Aim Pleistocene glacial cycles reduced global sea level by up to 130 m below present
levels. These changes had profound impacts on coastal marine life, including a reduction of …

After a 12-million-year (My) process, the Central American Isthmus was completed 2.8 My
ago. Its emergence affected current flow, salinity, temperature, and primary productivity of …

Hotspots of high species diversity are a prominent feature of modern global biodiversity
patterns. Fossil and molecular evidence is starting to reveal the history of these hotspots …

The ranges of many tropical marine species overlap in a centre of maximum marine
biodiversity, which is located in the Indo-Malayan region. Because this centre includes …

This study produces a nearly comprehensive phylogeny for the marine gastropod group
Cypraeidae (cowries) and uses this topology to examine diversification patterns in the …