Abstract Botulinum Toxin Type A is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by a gram‐positive
bacteria clostridium botulinum. Its utilization in the treatment of various medical condition …

In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the etiology, risk factors and
pathophysiology of focal task specific dystonia (FTSD), movement disorders characterized …

Botulinum toxins (BoNTs) are a product of the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. By entering
nerve endings, they cleave and inactivate SNARE proteins, which are essential for …

Background This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Cervical
dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a highly disabling movement …

BACKGROUND Keloids and hypertrophic scars are conditions of pathologic scarring
characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and excess collagen deposition. These …

Background Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by chronic intermittent or
persistent involuntary eyelid closure due to spasmodic contractions of the orbicularis oculi …

Background This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2005. Cervical
dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia, and is a highly disabling movement …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) possess an analgesic effect through several mechanisms
including an inhibition of acetylcholine release from the neuromuscular junction as well as …

Background Hypertrophic scar formation may be related to cutaneous neurogenic
inflammation (CNI) through the substance P-neurokinin 1 receptor (SP-NK1R) signaling …

Background This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003. Cervical
dystonia is the most common form of focal dystonia and is a disabling disorder characterised …