The formation and accumulation of methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl
compound, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, vascular …

This review takes an inclusive approach to microvascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus
and cardiometabolic disease. In virtually every organ, dynamic interactions between the …

Insulin is the paramount anabolic hormone, promoting carbon energy deposition in the
body. Its synthesis, quality control, delivery, and action are exquisitely regulated by highly …

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes adversely affect the microvasculature in multiple organs.
Our understanding of the genesis of this injury and of potential interventions to prevent, limit …

NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key
molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of …

The vascular endothelium is a multifunctional organ and is critically involved in modulating
vascular tone and structure. Endothelial cells produce a wide range of factors that also …

Endothelial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension,
atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease, which are also characterized by insulin …

Adiponectin is secreted by adipose cells and mimics many metabolic actions of insulin.
However, mechanisms by which adiponectin acts are poorly understood. The vascular …

Insulin has important vascular actions to stimulate production of nitric oxide from
endothelium. This leads to capillary recruitment, vasodilation, increased blood flow, and …

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from l-arginine by NO synthase in virtually all cell types.
Emerging evidence shows that NO regulates the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids and …