Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Besides their fundamental movement function evidenced by Parkinsonian deficits, the basal
ganglia are involved in processing closely linked non-motor, cognitive and reward …

Akinesia and gait disturbances are particularly incapacitating for patients with Parkinson's
disease. The anatomical and physiological substrates for these disturbances are poorly …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been known to be involved in the mediation of complex
behavioral responses. Considerable research efforts are directed towards refining the …

Dopamine deficiency causes disinhibition and overactivity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN).
Output neurons from the STN are excitatory and use glutamate as a neurotransmitter. They …

The efferent projections of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) to the ganglia have been
studied in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) with [3H] leucine and Phaseolus vulgaris …

We examined the role of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) in the activation of midbrain
dopaminergic (DA) neurons evoked by stimulation of the ventromedial and ventrolateral …

To verify the possibility that the pedunculopontine nucleus is a source of glutamatergic
terminals in contact with midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey, we used …

This paper provides an overview of the compensatory mechanisms which come into action
during experimental and human parkinsonism. The intrinsic properties of the dopaminergic …

The distribution and chemospecificity of the pedunculonigral neurons have been studied in
squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) with cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) and fluorogold (FG) …