Introduction: Free radicals are reactive oxygen species that constantly circulate through the
body and occur as a side effect of many reactions that take place in the human body. Under …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous
and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a highly common complication and the first cause of death
in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis (HD). In this population …

Generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for both physiology and pathology.
An imbalance between endogenous oxidants and antioxidants causes oxidative stress …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors,
culminating in end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation …

Amplification of oxidative stress is present since the early stages of chronic kidney disease
(CKD), holding a key position in the pathogenesis of renal failure. Induction of renal pro …

Medial vascular calcification has emerged as a putative key factor contributing to the
excessive cardiovascular mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by manifestations and symptoms involving
systemic organs and apparatus, associated with elevated cardiovascular morbidity and …

Chronic kidney disease is highly prevalent worldwide. The decline of renal function is
associated with inadequate removal of a variety of uremic toxins that exert detrimental …

Patients with chronic kidney disease are at substantial risk for malnutrition, characterized by
protein energy wasting and micronutrient deficiency. Studies show a high prevalence rate of …