Over the past several decades, there has been an upward trend in the total number of spinal
fusion procedures worldwide. Advanced spinal fusion techniques with or without internal …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines belonging to the transforming growth
factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. They play multiple functions during development and tissue …

The regeneration of bone tissue is regulated by both osteogenic and angiogenic growth
factors which are expressed in a coordinated cascade of events. The aim of this study was to …

Bone fractures represent a significant medical morbidity among aged population with
osteoporosis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are suggested to have therapeutic …

Healing and regeneration of large bone defects leading to non‐unions is a great concern in
orthopedic surgery. Since auto‐and allografts have limitations, bone tissue engineering and …

Abstract Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are extracellular multifunctional signalling
cytokines and members of the TGFβ super family. These pleiotropic growth factors crucially …

Endochondral bone formation is an important pathway in fracture healing, involving the
formation of a cartilaginous soft callus and the process of cartilage-to-bone transition. Failure …

Fracture nonunion, a serious bone fracture complication, remains a challenge in clinical
practice. Although the molecular pathogenesis of nonunion remains unclear, a better …

It is nowadays well-accepted that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is not a simple reservoir for
growth factors but is an organization center of their biological activity. In this review, we focus …

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/carriers approved for orthopedic procedures achieve
efficacy superior or equivalent to autograft bone. However, required supraphysiological BMP …