Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) family
of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if …

Lipotoxicity, originally used to describe the destructive effects of excess fat accumulation on
glucose metabolism, causes functional impairments in several metabolic pathways, both in …

Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell
death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling …

It is long recognized that cancer cells display increased glucose uptake and metabolism. In
a rate-limiting step for glucose metabolism, the glucose transporter (GLUT) proteins facilitate …

Polyphenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins and resveratrol, are a
large and heterogeneous group of phytochemicals in plant-based foods, such as tea, coffee …

The function and survival of all organisms is dependent on the dynamic control of energy
metabolism, when energy demand is matched to energy supply. The AMP-activated protein …

In mammals, the insulin receptor (IR) gene has acquired an additional exon, exon 11. This
exon may be skipped in a developmental and tissue-specific manner. The IR, therefore …

While a potential causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain insulin resistance has not
been demonstrated directly in that disorder. We provide such a demonstration here by …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects a large population worldwide. T2DM is a complex
heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders including hyperglycemia and impaired insulin …

AMPK is an evolutionary conserved sensor of cellular energy status that is activated during
exercise. Pharmacological activation of AMPK promotes glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation …