Time-to-digital converters (TDCs) are key components of time-mode circuits and enablers for
digital processing of analog signals encoded in time. Since design of time-mode circuits …

This work presents a comprehensive literature review on different topologies of time‐to‐
digital converters (TDCs). A brief history, applications, classification, characterization, and …

The basic advantages and limitations of using integrated digital CMOS delay lines for the
digitization of short time intervals are discussed. Accuracies of 6-7 b and single-shot …

This paper describes the logic and performance of an interpolating time counter integrated
on a single FPGA device. The resolution of 100 ps (LSB) was obtained because of the new …

Today's networks of processors on and off chip, operating with independent clocks, need
effective synchronization of the data passing between them for reliability. When two or more …

We describe the design, characterization, and demonstration of a fully integrated single-
photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager for use in time-resolved fluorescence imaging. The …

The most frequently utilized techniques for precise time interval measurements are
discussed. By analyzing the characteristics of both published architectures and commercial …

This paper presents the design and performance measurement results of a prototype time-to-
digital converter (TDC) implemented using commercially available components. The TDC is …

Frequency-modulated (FM) signals are widely used in sensing, measurement, and signal
detection due to their strong anti-interference and easy transmission characteristics …