Females have historically been disregarded in memory research, including the thousands of
studies examining roles for the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala in …

The differences in cognitive processes driven by biological sex are the issues that have
gotten growing attention recently. Considering the increasing population suffering from …

Pavlovian fear conditioning has been extensively used to study the behavioral and neural
basis of defensive systems. In a typical procedure, a cue is paired with foot shock, and …

Fear conditioning is one of the most frequently used laboratory procedures for modeling
learning and memory generally, and anxiety disorders in particular. The conditional …

The field of rodent behavioral neuroscience is undergoing two major sea changes: an ever-
growing technological revolution, and worldwide calls to consider sex as a biological …

Psychedelics have experienced renewed interest following positive clinical effects, however
the neurobiological mechanisms underlying effects remain unclear. The paraventricular …

Shifting defensive mode from one to another by the imminence of threat is crucial for
survival. The transition of defensive mode from freezing to flight is observed during the …

Various psychiatric diseases are characterized by aberrant cognition and emotional
regulation. This includes inappropriately attributing affective salience to innocuous cues …

Increasing evidence suggests that the neurobiological processes that govern learning and
memory can be different in males and females, but many of the specific mechanisms …

Fear conditioning and avoidance tasks usually elicit adaptive aversive memories. Traumatic
memories are more intense, generalized, inflexible, and resistant to attenuation via …