Metformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-
lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has …

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are the most frequent metabolic disorders, but their causes
remain largely unclear. Insulin resistance, the common underlying abnormality, results from …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

The liver is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis—it produces glucose
during fasting and stores glucose postprandially. However, these hepatic processes are …

The coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose
production is indispensable for the maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations …

Insulin signalling in the central nervous system regulates energy homeostasis by controlling
metabolism in several organs and by coordinating organ crosstalk. Studies performed in …

Obesity-associated insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. In the past decade, a large number of endocrine, inflammatory …

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progresses from compensated insulin resistance to beta
cell failure resulting in uncompensated hyperglycemia, a process replicated in the Zucker …

▪ Abstract The insulin resistance syndrome refers to a constellation of findings, including
glucose intolerance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, that promote the development …

A central paradox in type 2 diabetes is the apparent selective nature of hepatic insulin
resistance—wherein insulin fails to suppress hepatic glucose production yet continues to …