Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the
degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole …

Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) is the most toxic virulence factor of the pathogenic bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This review describes current knowledge about the intoxication …

Cell-to-cell signaling via small molecules is an essential process to coordinate behavior in
single species within a community, and also across kingdoms. In this review, we discuss the …

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most virulent opportunistic Gram-negative bacterial
pathogens in humans. It causes many acute and chronic infections with morbidity and …

Cancer is one of the prominent causes of death worldwide. Despite the existence of various
modalities for cancer treatment, many types of cancer remain uncured or develop resistance …

Plants cells are now approved by the FDA for cost-effective production of protein drugs
(PDs) in large-scale current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) hydroponic growth …

In this review, we explore the role of dendritic cell subsets in the development of tissue‐
specific autoimmune diseases. From the increasing list of dendritic cell subclasses, it is …

Background Aberrant glycosylation patterns play a crucial role in the development of cancer
cells as they promote tumor growth and aggressiveness. Lectins recognize carbohydrate …

Only three Corynebacterium species are known to produce a lethal exotoxin called
diphtheria toxin. These are C. diphtheriae, C. ulcerans and C. pseudotuberculosis. The …

Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition
molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric …