This article reviews the corpus of research on feedback, with a focus on formative feedback—
defined as information communicated to the learner that is intended to modify his or her …

Many interactive learning environments (ILEs) offer on-demand help, intended to positively
influence learning. Recent studies report evidence that although effective help-seeking …

A common intuition is that instruction is most effective if it takes into account (a) that learners
are different, and (b) that they change as they learn. But learners differ in a great many ways …

This article discusses the change in the notion of scaffolding from a description of the
interactions between a tutor and a student to the design of tools to support student learning …

Tutoring systems are described as having two loops. The outer loop executes once for each
task, where a task usually consists of solving a complex, multi-step problem. The inner loop …

Recent studies have shown that self‐explanation is an effective metacognitive strategy, but
how can it be leveraged to improve students' learning in actual classrooms? How do …

Help seeking is an important process in self-regulated learning (SRL). It may influence
learning with intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), because many ITSs provide help, often at …

People often attribute their reluctance to study texts on screen to technology-related factors
rooted in hardware or software. However, previous studies have pointed to screen inferiority …

Intelligent tutoring systems are highly interactive learning environments that have been
shown to improve upon typical classroom instruction. Cognitive Tutors are a type of …

We investigate the prevalence and learning impact of different types of off-task behavior in
classrooms where students are using intelligent tutoring software. We find that within the …