Abstract Microplastics (< 5 mm) are an emerging pollutant which have received increasing
concern in recent years. Microplastics pose a serious hazard and potential risk to the …

BACKGROUND Biological dinitrogen (N2) fixation, the reduction of atmospheric N2 to
ammonia, is important for maintaining the fertility of the oceans by providing biologically …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life's fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in
environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N …

Nitrogen fixation in the surface ocean impacts global marine nitrogen bioavailability and
thus microbial primary productivity. Until now, cyanobacterial populations have been viewed …

The prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms that drive the pelagic ocean's
biogeochemical cycles are currently facing an unprecedented set of comprehensive …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

The oceans take up over 1 million tons of anthropogenic CO2 per hour, increasing dissolved
p CO2 and decreasing seawater pH in a process called ocean acidification (OA). At the …

Drylands constitute the most extensive terrestrial biome, covering more than one-third of the
Earth's continental surface. In these environments, stress limits animal and plant life, so life …

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for marine phytoplankton and indeed all life forms.
Current data show that P availability is growth‐limiting in certain marine systems and can …