Aims Clinical trials test the safety and efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological
interventions in drug‐dependent individuals. However, there is no consensus about the …

Background Selection of an appropriate indictor of treatment response in clinical trials is
complex, particularly for the various illicit drugs of abuse. Most widely used indicators have …

Objective: Contingency management (CM) is often criticized for limited long-term impact.
This meta-analysis focused on objective indices of drug use (ie, urine toxicology) to examine …

Background Although sex and gender are increasingly perceived as important factors in
medicine, there is only very little knowledge on these issues in patients with chronic pruritus …

Objective Opioid side effects are common when treating chronic pain. However, the
frequency of opioid side effects has rarely been examined in acute pain conditions …

Objective: The current study examined the effectiveness of an institutional intervention
aimed at decreasing prevalence of tobacco use and exposure to smoke on campus over a 4 …

Background Studies comparing self-report substance use data to biochemical verification
generally demonstrate high rates of concordance. We argue that these rates are due to the …

Background Although sex and gender are becoming more important in diagnostics and
therapy, there is still little knowledge about sex‐specific differences in chronic pruritus (CP) …

A growing empirical literature supports contingency management (CM) as an efficacious
treatment for substance use disorders, especially when reinforcers are immediate, frequent …

Introduction: This study examined the effect of duration electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use
on e-cigarette dependence, frequency of use, and strength of nicotine solution as well as …