Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Macrophages are dynamic cells that play critical roles in the induction and resolution of
sterile inflammation. In this review, we will compile and interpret recent findings on the …

Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a
key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment …

Traditional antibiotic treatment has limited efficacy for the drug-tolerant bacteria present in
biofilms because of their unique metabolic conditions in the biofilm infection …

Glioblastoma (GBM) treatment has remained almost unchanged for more than 20 years. The
current standard of care involves surgical resection (if possible) followed by concomitant …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies have successfully treated hematological
malignancies. Macrophages have also gained attention as an immunotherapy owing to their …

Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective
pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the …

In patients with glioblastoma, the average survival time with current treatments is short,
mainly due to recurrences and resistance to therapy. This insufficient treatment success is, in …

As the essential regulators of organ fibrosis, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and
functional changes after organ injury. These changes in macrophage phenotype and …

Exosomes can selectively secrete harmful metabolic substances from cells to maintain
cellular homeostasis, and complex crosstalk occurs between exosomes and tumor …